Abstract: Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of endostatin and IL-10 in pathogenesis of human pterygium before and after operation. Methods 50 pterygium patients were selected in this study. Excision specimens were collected as the pre-surgery group, and 2 weeks later conjunctival tissues were collected as the post-surgery group. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to test the expression of endostatin. ELISA technique was used to test the IL-10 concentration. Results The expression of endostatin in the post-surgery group (1.56 ± 0.14μg/L) was significantly stronger than that of the pre-surgery group（0.60 ± 0.12μg/L）,and the positive rate of endostatin in pre-surgery group was significantly lower than that of post-surgery group (P<0.05). The IL-10 levels in the post-surgery group（5.78±1.54ng/L）were significantly lower than that in the pre-surgery group (9.51±1.81ng/L) (P<0.05). The positive rates pre- and post-surgery were 54.6% and 84.7% respectively（P<0.05）. Conclusion The expression of endostatin and IL-10 in pathogenesis of pterygium can be used as an indicator in monitoring effect of surgery, relapse and prognosis.