Abstract: Objective To investigate the significance of serum TPOAb and TRAb in patients with postpartum autoimmune thyroid dysfunction. Methods The serum levels of TPOAb and TRAb in 66 patients with postpartum autoimmune thyroid dysfunction were detected. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to prognosis, including postpartum thyroiditis group and postpartum Graves’s disease group. Results The results showed that the serum levels of TPOAb in patients with postpartum thyroiditis group and postpartum Graves’s disease group were significantly higher than that of the normal pregnant controls. There was no significant difference on TPOAb positive rate between patients with postpartum thyroiditis and postpartum Graves’s disease (P> 0.05). The levels of TRAb in postpartum thyroiditis patients were negative. Conclusion The serum levels of TPOAb and TRAB might be used for clinical immune-detection in postpartum thyroiditis patients. The level of TRAb can be used as an important index for identification of postpartum thyroiditis and Graves' disease.