Objective To investigate the changes of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and soluble endothelial cell protein C receptor (sEPCR) in Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) patients with native arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) thrombosis, and to explore the relationship between inflammation and AVF thrombosis. Methods One hundred sixty-seven CRF patients with AVF were divided into two groups according to whether with thrombosis: unobstructed group (n=120) and thrombosis group (n=32). The serum levels of hsCRP and sEPCR in two groups were detected and the results were analyzed. Results Compared with unobstructed group, the levels of hsCRP and sEPCR in thrombosis group were not significantly increased before the first dialysis (P>0.05); the levels of hsCRP and sEPCR in thrombosis group were higher than that of in unobstructed group after the first dialysis, there were significant difference in hsCRP levels (P<0.05). On the other hand, the hsCRP levels post-dialysis were higher than before dialysis (t=2.79，P=0.01；t=2.59，P=0.01；t=2.72，P=0.01). Diagnostic efficiency analysis indicated that hsCRP and sEPCR had similar diagnostic performance, but the sensitivity of hsCRP was higher, and the sEPCR had better specificity. Conclusion The elevated inflammatory markers in AVF thrombosis indicate an inflammatory state participate in the process of AVF thrombosis. Inflammatory state may be a predisposing factor of AVF thrombosis, furthermore, which also may be an active participant.