Objective To study the relationship between serum erythropoietin (Epo) level and chemotherapy-induced hemoglobin(Hb) level in patients with acute Leukemia．Methods The serum Epo level in patients with acute Leukemia was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)．Results The levels of serum Epo in 32 cases with acute leukemia (49.58±14.87mIU/mL) before chemotherapy were higher than that of the healthy control (11．96±4.78mIU/mL) (P<0.01)．A negative correlation was found between the levels of Epo and Hb in acute leukemia patients (r=-0.541，P<0.01). The levels of Epo in patients with acute Leukemia were 52.12±15.16mIU/mL and 63.15±16.42mIU/mL after 2 and 4 treatment cycles (F=4.547，P<0.01). The levels of Hb were 62.0±12.3g/L and 56.8±11.1g/L after 2 and 4 treatment cycles, much lower than that of before chemotherapy (78.0±14.9g/L) (F=4.007，P<0.01). Conclusion Chemotherapy can decrease the level of Hb and increase the serum 1evel of Epo in patients with acute Leukemia. The changes of serum erythropoietin level are correlated with the conditions of patients before and the time of chemotherapy.