In view of Graves disease as a representative of hyperthyroidism，we discuss the application of radionuclide 131I in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. The indications, dose selection, combined treatment, efficacy and hypothyroidism in 131I therapy were summarized. Compared with the traditional treatment methods, 131I therapy for hyperthyroidism has advantages of fast, easy, less adverse reactions, high efficiency and low cost, and it gradually becomes the mainstream method of treatment of hyperthyroidism, but the treatment of hypothyroidism outcome should be paid more attention.